Saturday, February 2, 2013

Corporatism and ideology in Portugal and Spain

Corporatism and ideology in Portugal and Spain
Portuguese corporatist propaganda from the 1930s
Portuguese corporatist propaganda from the 1930s

© 1994 Stewart Lloyd-Jones. University of Glasgow
'The difficulty scholars have had with the ideology [of fascism] has led many to seek alternative non-ideological accounts of the character of the movement within the disciplines of psychology, economics and sociology ... This ... tendency is one way of ignoring the uncomfortable fact that a closer look at the ideas of fascism ... reveal[s] affinities and overlaps with more acceptable ideologies, like liberalism, conservatism, syndicalism and socialism ... This affinity should alert us to possible misinterpretation' (Andrew Vincent, Modern political ideologies, Oxford: Blackwell 1995, pp.170–1).
It is the assertion of this paper that Vincent's claim is perhaps nowhere better illustrated than in the many analyses of both inter- and post-war Iberian corporatism. It is a fact that there has been very little consensus — indeed, there has been a great deal of confusion — over whether the Iberian dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s were in fact fascist at all, or at least fascist in any meaningful sense of the term. This academic disarray over the concept of fascism is compounded, at least in the Iberian context, by the apparent unwillingness of investigators to regard corporatism as an ideological construction in its own right, preferring instead to either consider it to be a mere reaction to the crises of accumulation which both nations suffered following the end of the Great War (1914–18) or as a reassertion of traditional social and political values. This is a political science failure which has persisted for more than four decades. As a result of this temporally resilient 'global preconception', the Iberian dictatorships have been subjected to rigorous investigations which have generally restricted themselves to structural and anthropological concerns. By thus limiting the extent of their analyses, most 'considered' explanations for the growth in popularity of corporatist solutions in both Spain and Portugal have tended to emphasise the structural responses (or, in Portugal's case, the lack of tangible responses) to the new economic situation brought about by mechanisation and industrialisation, e.g. the tri-partite, hierarchical, state controlled syndicates, or the supposed anthropological 'authoritarian tendencies' that are inherent within Ibero-Latin culture. My contention is that by attempting to explain Iberian corporatism in purely economic and structural, or 'pathological' and anthropological, terms previous investigators have ignored the important role of corporatism as a system of ideas, and have, therefore, only been able to provide us with partial insights into the phenomenon as it appeared in these polities.
Another cause for reviewing the nature of inter-war Iberian corporatism is the time that has passed since the Francoist and Salazarist models of state corporatism finally disintegrated under the weight of their own contradictions, and since their regimes were subjected to rigorous academic investigation. The years that have elapsed since then have been ones in which the world has experienced fundamental economic and socio-political change. Much more than the 1970s, let alone the 1920s and 1930s, it has been argued, we are living through a period shorn of the ideological certainties that typified the past. Perhaps now, in the bright light of our new pragmatically 'non-ideological' age, is the ideal time for a reappraisal and re-evaluation of the corporatist experiments as they unfolded in Spain during the 1920s and Portugal in the 1930s.

The dominant schools

The initial dichotomy between the structural and anthropological explanations for the emergence of the dictadura of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in Spain, and António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo de Portugal are clearly expressed in the approaches adopted by the two principal protagonists: Phillipe C. Schmitter and Howard J. Wiarda.
Schmitter takes the (inevitable?) structuralist line, employing as he does a methodology which involves making a detailed examination of the nature of group formations and the consequent development of functional conflicts (as opposed to societal conflicts) within the political elites. He is led to conclude the emergence of the Portuguese Estado Novo, and by implication Primo's corporate state in Spain, was merely the response of the Portuguese (and Spanish) state — that is, the landed elite with the connivance of the comprador bourgeoisie — to the threats posed by modernisation and industrialisation that had created a newly proletarianised and increasingly mobilised urban working class. Although Schmitter prefers not to get involved in historical speculation, his analysis sits easily with those historians, such as Ben-Ami and Preston, who argue corporatism's emergence in inter-war Iberia was due more to the structural implications of the immediate post-war economic situation than it was a reflection of a pre-existent and coherent set of beliefs. As a result of this, it does not involve too much of a leap of the imagination to recognise the affinities between Schmitter's analysis and, one must contend, the ideological explanation for fascism that was developed by the left in the 1930s that asserted fascism was simply an expression of the continued domination of the masses by the few. This over-simplistic application of the early Marxist thesis highlights the basic weakness in both the left's reckoning of the inter-war dictatorships (and the general failure of their responses to them) and Schmitter's analysis of their genesis. By refusing to countenance the stark fact these dictatorships did, at least initially, enjoy quite large levels of popular support, the left ultimately failed to offer a satisfactory alternative capable of halting their rise. (Indeed, even in Spain, where a bitter and bloody conflict between the competing factions was played out, many have expressed the opinion Franco's Nationalists never won the war so much as the Republicans lost it.) Schmitter's explanation for the rise of the Iberian dictatorships, therefore, appears content to remain at a purely economic level, ignoring the more sophisticated critique of fascism, such as that supplied by Gramsci (later taken up by Linz in his examination of the nature of authoritarianism), that capitalist (or elite) domination is not simply achieved by coercion, but subtly through the hegemony of ideas and the domination of language, morality, culture and common sense.
Schmitter admits that his attempt at understanding is chiefly concerned with uncovering the motive behind the promotion of corporatism: why it happened, who caused it to happen and for what purpose — 'who needed it and who benefited from it?' (Schmitter, P. C., The regime d'exception that became the rule, Austen: University of Texas Press 1979, p. 4). However, by framing his question in such a closed manner, it is obvious that rather than attempt to demystify the processes of the corporatisation project, Schmitter makes it explicitly clear he is only concerned with the instrumental aspect of the exercise.
Despite this, however, Schmitter is faced with the historically factual reality that Portugal's structural problems were caused as much by the weakness of its political class as by the impending insolvency crisis, and identifies parallels between the First Republic and pre-Napoleon III France as described by Marx in his 18th Brumaire. The implicit contention in this is that the politicians of the liberal Portugal of the rotativismo (rotation) period (1910–26) lacked any coherent ideology beyond the naked desire to cling on to power at whatever cost. The essentially pragmatic and opportunistic nature of the rotativismo politicians made the development of a unified opposition difficult — indeed, according to this analysis what opposition did exist tended to be eclectic, heterogeneous, and conditional, with the sole goal of ejecting the current political elite. Thus, Schmitter finds it relatively painless to contend the leaders of the military coup that ended the First Republic were primarily concerned with restoring order while pursuing episodic successes that would sustain them in their attempts to achieve a solution to Portugal's structural problems. Their ultimate failure, Schmitter believes, was due to their reliance on the structures and agents of the republic they had overthrown — itself an implied admission of the existence of an ideological lacuna. If the military government had an ideological critique of the past and a programme for the future, he argues, it was ultimately expressed in the adoption by the inherited administrative machinery of the typically Portuguese resort to situacionismo (situationism) — without knowing what would please the new masters, the servants simply did their best not to displease them. Schmitter's implication being that to accept situacionismo (the rationalisation of pragmatic self-preservation) as an ideology would be akin to defining the latter term to fit the catch-all definition offered by Aron that ideology is 'all ideas or bodies of ideas accepted by individuals or peoples without regard to their origin or nature' (Aron, R. 'The diffusion of ideologies', Confluence 2 (1) 1953). One must agree with Schmitter's assumption that to conceptualise 'ideology' with such a degree of definitional vagueness would ultimately rob it of its 'value-free' status and lead to its functional diminution as it descends into the subjective quagmire that has swallowed up such conceptual labels as fascism and totalitarianism.
While Schmitter is unwilling to concede the Ditadura Militar (Military dictatorship) (1926–32) represented a significant break with the past, he is less cautious in his assessment of Salazar's Estado Novo (1932–68) that succeeded it. However, even here he is unwilling to concede Salazar's corporatist beliefs were formulated as an ideological response to a deteriorating structural situation. Through an investigation of the composition of Salazar's first government, he concludes the Estado Novo was little more than the reassertion of politico-economic pragmatism, albeit the controlled and guided pragmatism of a suffocatingly paternalist state. The almost explicit contention is that Salazar's involvement in the ditadura (in which he was finance minister between 1928 and 1932) precluded his ability to formulate a set of beliefs that could be transmitted to the masses prior to the onset of the experiment. If Loewenstein is correct when he claims 'it is the underlying political ideology that actually conditions the function and shapes the operation of the political institutions and techniques', then we are forced to conclude that, since Salazar's corporatist project was more concerned with the instrumentalities — the framework — of the new constitutional order of the New State, and knowing of his disdain for political idealists, his later justificatory statements were mere propaganda designed to enlist support for or acquiescence to his state. Furthermore, the simple fact that Salazar's ideas were themselves integral and creative parts of the historical forces that produced them means since they effectively put the cart before the horse they cannot themselves have constituted an ideology (Elliot, W. Y., 'Ideas and ideologies: Diffusion, seepage, or overflow? (A summary)', Confluence 2 (3) 1953).
If Salazar's corporatism was merely a post hoc and opportunistic attempt to imbue his structural plans with a degree of backwards legitimacy, rather than a coherent attempt to achieve a corporatist 'mentality', that is, a coherent and systematic world view, as structuralists like Schmitter seem to argue, what then do we make of the Spanish corporatist experiment begun by Primo de Rivera in 1925, following his victory over Abd El-Krim's rebels in the Moroccan Riff? Once again, the structural analysis — this time conducted by the historians Shlomo Ben-Ami and Paul Preston — lays stress on the opportunistic nature of Primo de Rivera's regime (1923–30). The basic contention is that Primo pronounced against the turno politicians of the constitutional monarchy for reasons that were very similar to those the Portuguese military were to use 2½ years later, viz, the need to eject the corrupt and inept politicians who were clinging on to office for no greater reason than their desire to retain power.
It is a matter of some debate whether or not Primo initially wished to affect any structural change at all as his early statements are punctuated by an apparent desire to see his intervention as a parenthesis in Spanish history, a time during which honest men could regain the initiative following his saneamiento (purging) of the political cupboard. The structuralist analysis concentrates on the ad hoc nature of Primo's government while at the same time playing down the significance of his statements proclaiming his desire to return to barracks as soon as possible. By arguing in this manner, structural analyses of Primo's dictatorship tend to place the General at the head of a conspiracy, thereby absolving the King Alfonso XIII and the constitutional monarchy's Cortes of much of the blame for the seven years 'parenthesis'. The constantly shifting alliances, such as the abandonment of the military juntas and their abandonista position in order to embrace the africanista line on Morocco, the courting and abandonment of the Catalan industrial bourgeoisie and the constant desire to include the socialist trade union federation, the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), in his plans are all highlighted as indicating a clear agenda — the structural alteration of the Spanish state in such a way as will protect the interests of the existing political elite. Hence the importance in absolving the king from much of the guilt for the pronunciamiento (pronouncement).
Just as in the Portuguese example, the structuralists argue Primo's project was instrumental in that he proposed to restructure the Spanish state, and non-ideological in the sense that the justifications for his corporatist proposals were essentially pragmatic in nature and propagandistic in intent. In both regimes, the ideas were developed to justify the implementation of pre-designed political institutions in order to ensure their acceptance by the masses. To emphasise this point, the structural analyses tend to investigate the role of the regimes' shirt movements with the purpose of highlighting their essentially demobilisational function. Both Primo's Unión Patriótica (Patriotic Union), and Salazar's União Nacional (National Union) were designed to control rather than to encourage mobilisation and to discourage people from engaging in activities that could bring them into contact with the state. These movements, the argument goes, were established as a means to ensure the dissemination of propaganda intended to procure for the regimes the necessary popular acquiescence to their structural proposals — even to the extent of disguising the ultimate beneficiaries of the state's restructuring.
In this form of analysis, therefore, it can be quite clearly seen that the regimes were, in essence, ad hoc, but even then only in an instrumental manner — the main goal being the execution of the structural transformation. Thus the structuralists strip the projects of any ideological content, save the minimal ideological commitment to the restructuring of the state. Within this limited commitment, moreover, the references to corporatism and organic democracy are dismissed as mere propaganda, basically a sop to the masses intended to disguise the reality of a strengthening of the power and position of the traditional political elites within their respective polities. The neglect of Salazar in failing to establish any corporations in his 'corporate' state until 1957, 24 years after the official establishment of the Estado Novo, and Primo's failure to extend the industrial Comités Paritários (tri-partite negotiating committees) into rural areas, the traditional elite's heartland, bear testimony to the fact there was never an ideological commitment to corporatism in either regime. Even where it could perhaps be argued that there was some sympathy towards the concept of corporatism, such as in Spain after 1928, it can be argued that, rather in the same way as Mussolini was to pursue pseudo-socialist goals in his short-lived Republic of Saló, this itself was evidence of Primo's opportunistic attempts to enlist popular support for his regime in compensation for the haemorrhaging away from him of many of previously supportive elite institutions.
A further consequence of the structuralists tendency to concentrate on the instrumentalities is the confusion over the precise nature of the regimes being investigated. By investigating the economic rather than the social role of the dictatorships, researchers like Schmitter and Ben-Ami inevitably discover the dictators were interested primarily in steering their respective national economies. Consequently, Schmitter comments on the Salazar government's assumption of direct control over all aspects of the Portuguese economy, while Ben-Ami notes Primo believed the government ought to take a leading role in directing the economic interests of the state in order to 'bolster up national production even at the expense of great collective sacrifices'. By rejecting any ideological motivations, the structuralists create an ultimately insurmountable problem for themselves insofar as they are forced to associate the empirical reality with some form of conceptual label. By denying corporatism is an ideology, Schmitter and his supporters are forced to seek comparisons with structurally similar contemporaneous regimes. Ultimately, they are forced either to further diminish the concept of fascism by distorting it in order to enable it to incorporate the Iberian dictatorships — a tendency that has led to a profusion of 'qualified' or 'conditional' fascisms, e.g. 'fascistoid', 'quasi-fascist', 'fascism from above', etc., etc. — or accept fascism has lost all functional utility as an empirical conceptualisation and seek to develop a new paradigm. While most structural analysts were content to pursue the former route, Schmitter was troubled enough by the significant differences between Salazarism and those regimes that had historically been considered 'fascist' to attempt a more intellectually-thorough investigation. However, even although he was prepared to accept Salazar's corporatist reality was fundamentally distinct from other generic fascisms, he remains wedded to the belief Portuguese corporatism was a developmental and modernising form of government that had emerged as a response to a succession of structural crises caused by the delayed-dependent nature of Portugal's economy. Essentially, Schmitter is reaffirming his belief that corporatism was a post hoc structural response to a structural crisis, a stance that still rejects the idea corporatism could be regarded as an ideology in its own right. Indeed, Schmitter's much-lauded ideal-type definition of corporatism is solely concerned with its institutional aspects:
Corporatism can be defined as a system of interest representation in which the constituent units are organised into a limited number of singular, non-competitive, hierarchically ordered and functionally differentiated categories, recognised or licensed (if not created) by the state and granted a deliberate representational monopoly within their respective categories in exchange for observing certain controls on their selection of leaders and articulation of demand supports (Schmitter, P.C., Still the century of corporatism? London: Sage, 1979).
While Schmitter intended his definition to clarify the nature of corporatism as an intrinsically ideologically neutral series of structures, it has been challenged by friends and foes alike, to such an extent that Schmitter himself has been forced to move further and further away from it, stressing, with increasing vigour, that as an ideal-type conception it was never meant to represent anything more than an illustration. However, one must contend that by his own rapid retreat and ultimate abandonment of this 'pure' conceptualisation in favour of the new paradigm of neo-corporatism, Schmitter and his allies have done much to muddy the waters in the debate over the nature of corporatism in inter-war Iberia.
The second school of thought is that which explicitly rejects the idea corporatism is little more than a structural realignment of the state designed primarily to maintain the political and economic hegemony of the possessing classes. Adherents to this latter school, such as Howard Wiarda, prefer to adopt a more culturally-oriented approach by emphasising the role of tradition and culture in the emergence of the new structures. At first glance, such an approach would seem to be more open to the conceptualisation of corporatism as a contextually conditioned ideological response to both an ideological and a structural crisis within the state and civil society; however, detailed examination of the 'culturalist' thesis shows it too suffers from important weaknesses: weaknesses that are largely predicated upon its reliance on a reductionist interpretation and superficial analysis of Ibero-Latin cultural traditions.
Wiarda is scathing of the structuralists, rejecting their failure to recognise the importance of cultural traditions and traditional ideologies in the analysis of group-state relations and their almost categorical refusal to countenance the possibility there may be a symmetrical relationship between the structures and agents of socio-political change. He also condemns their willingness to judge Iberian society by comparing it with other superficially similar societies. 'Portuguese corporatism', he argues 'cannot be condemned ... on the basis of some outside and foreign model bearing little relation to Portuguese culture and history'. If one seeks to understand the relevance of corporatism to Iberian society, he contends, one must understand the historical development of that society. By so doing, one will readily recognise the threads that ran into the 19th century movements espousing ideas they claimed had a long and honourable provenance. Iberian corporatism, according to this thesis, is simply the 20th-century manifestation of both Portugal's and Spain's organicist Thomistic heritage, which was 'rediscovered' following the national humiliations handed down to Spain through the loss of its final colony, Cuba, to the US in 1898, and to Portugal when its plan to link up Angola and Mozambique — the famous Mapa Cor da Rosa — was beaten down owing to the conflict with British plans for the Cape town to Cairo railway.
The immediate result of these events was the growth in both countries of important regenerationist movements that openly called for a return to tradition — to the days of the Philippine Empire or the Age of Discovery. The corporatist structures that were nominally created during Primo's and Salazar's time in office could, according to Wiarda and his supporters, trace their heritage back directly to the regenerationist movements of the first decade of the 20th century, and from there back to the guilds and artisanal societies typical of early-modern Iberian society. Thus Carr (Spain, 1808–1939, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966) is able to contend Primo's Comités Paritários represented little more than the reintroduction of an industrial method that had a long tradition in Spanish labour relations, while Pinto can make allusion to the fact two of Salazar's most trusted aids, and the designers of the basic structures of the Estado Novo — Marcello Caetano and Teotonio Pereira — had Integralist backgrounds.
Nevertheless, one must contend that however attractive such explanations may be, they suffer from one basic weakness — they are assertions that have been made with the benefit of hindsight, or as Bendix would say, they are the product of retrospective determinism. It is perhaps significant that most 'culturalists' remain tight-lipped when it comes to explaining the initial pragmatic nature of both Primo's and Salazar's regimes. There is very little said about the promotion of ideas following the determination of the structures best suited to the respective nations. What little is said in this respect, for example Carr's attempted rationalisation of Primo's tendency to indecisiveness, or rather, his ability to hold conflicting opinions simultaneously by promulgating the official position, endorsed by the Unión Patriótica, that he had developed a new official ideology — intuicionismo con rectificación (rectifiable intuitionism), a sort of pragmatic mass appeasement — is far from satisfactory.
Although the historicist approach adopted by the culturalists may provide us with some valuable insights into the nature of the societies concerned, it must be asserted that in the final analysis they fail to deliver on their implied promise, and do not demonstrate any link between the empirical structures that were created and labelled by their creators as corporatist, and any pre-existent and historically coherent belief systems capable of generating sufficient popular support for the experiment. In the end, the culturalists, just as much as the structuralists, are left kicking the ground looking for explanations in the wrong places.

The dictators' self justification

It is undoubtedly true the labelling of Salazar's Portugal (and to a lesser extent Primo's Spain) corporatist owes a great deal to the ultimately successful propaganda both regimes employed as a means to obtain backwards legitimacy for their governments. One should not underestimate the importance of this undertaking for these dictators, particularly when one notes both men came to office by illegal means — both suspending then overturning the pre-existing constitutional settlement. The failure of, especially, the culturalists to sufficiently recognise this fact means they are more likely to take the pronouncements and statements of regime supporters and apologists at face value, and will seek examples of actions that can be cited as evidence supporting the apparent genuine nature of the men involved, even to the extent of claiming Primo used Spain's 1925 budget surplus to redeem the pawned sheets of Madrid's poor. Whether such an anecdote is true or factually-based is of little relevance; what is important is that by repeating it, and countless other similar stories, one is guilty first of distracting attention from an examination of the realities of life under the dictators, and second, of promoting and perpetuating the myth that Salazar and Primo were honest men with the best intentions. Such myths only serve to contribute to the notion there was some form of ideologically-motivated project towards the creation of classless and organically democratic, corporate states, in which rights are always contingent upon the fulfilment of one's obligations to society — the kind of double talk that neither lies nor tells the truth. Ultimately, although the structuralists come close to stating that most of the justifications promulgated for the corporatist structure were both opportunistic and propagandistic, they fail to pursue this implicit understanding to its conclusion. This is, I admit, a conscious decision on the part of the structuralists, who prefer to investigate the empirical reality and the consequences of that reality over the 'truths' and 'semi-truths' disseminated in order to sustain the system. The culturalists, while recognising there were some historical continuities between the actions and statements of the dictators and some elements of civil society, tend to exaggerate the significance of certain statements or actions, as well as rely heavily on anecdotal evidence, usually put out in the first place by the dictators' sympathisers, purporting to establish a link between the contemporary age and some 'Golden Age' linked to national achievements for which the people may be rightly proud.

Not so much a conclusion as some questions

There remains a vacuum which has to be filled. Were the corporatist systems in the Iberian peninsula ideologically motivated, or was the 'ideology' of corporatism merely developed as a post facto ploy to provide the quasi legal regimes with some semblance of legitimacy? If the former is true, then it must be possible to identify a movement, however small, that nonetheless understood itself to be imbued with a living and unifying belief. As Primo's son, José Antonio, founder of the Falange Española, said when speaking of his organisation: 'our movement will not be understood if it is though to be merely a way of thinking, it is a way of being'. The question must be asked 'Could — let alone did — such a movement exist' in either of the two nations? If the latter is true, then why did the dictators think making such an appeal would work to their advantage? If there was no popular demand for corporatism, then why did the regimes endeavour to create such a desire? If there was a demand for structural change along 'corporatist' lines, then we must ask ourselves where that demand was situated and who was calling for it. Furthermore, if there was a pre-existing demand for this change, could it not then be argued it was an ideological demand that the dictators used to their advantage, and if this is so, would we be guilty of attempting to maintain a purely semantic distinction between those who genuinely believed (like José Antonio's Falangistas) but who are not in a position to effect change, and those whose support was purely instrumental, but who were in a position to make a change?
The assertion made by the 'culturalists', that Latin cultures in general display signs of suffering from some form of state corporatist imperative — that is, an inherent corporatist ideology — means state corporatism, as supposedly found in Salazar's Estado Novo, would be an inevitable occurrence with or without Salazar. If this were true, we may conclude, as the structuralists appear to imply, the role of Salazar's (and Primo's) corporatist political ideology was subordinate to their appeals to tradition and implicit messianic posturing. However, if it can be argued Iberian corporatism was simply the structural response of the dominant elites to the development of the national economies, and as such showing no real differences from the experiences of earlier developing regimes, then one must contend an examination of the role of corporatist ideology in the establishment of the institutions will, paradoxically, become central to explaining the success of the Portuguese system and the failure of the Spanish.

Tags: corporatism, ideology, structuralism, structuralist, culturalism, culturalist, geneticism, phillipe c. schmitter, howard wiarda, political science


82 comments:

Anonymous said...

Hey there! Would you mind if I share your blog with
my zynga group? There's a lot of people that I think would really enjoy your content. Please let me know. Cheers

Feel free to visit my website ... comodescargar.com

Anonymous said...

Isle of Егiskа, a mаnor-housе hοtel and erotic massagе, Fort Lauԁerdale.
The Аssist Kеy launches VAІO Cагe, which iѕ аll about
getting thеm іnto your salon or Erotіc Masѕage it is onе form
of meԁitation well, уou will see acne diѕappeаr!


Fееl free to surf to my web site :: sensual massage london

Anonymous said...

I have observed that in the world these days, video games would
be the latest trend with children of all ages. Often times it
may be difficult to drag your children away from the games.

If you want the best of both worlds, there are lots of educational games for
kids. Good post.

Here is my site - dating men

Anonymous said...

hi!,I like your writing very much! share we communicate more about your post on AOL?
I need a specialist on this area to solve my
problem. Maybe that's you! Looking forward to see you.

Feel free to surf to my page - grumpybrits.com

Anonymous said...

One thing I would like to say is that often car insurance cancelling is a dreadful
experience so if you're doing the right things being a driver you simply won't get one.

Many people do receive the notice that they've been officially dumped by the insurance company and many have to fight to get more insurance foll cancellation. Affordable auto insurance rates tend to be hard to get after having a cancellation. Knowing the main reasons regarding auto insurance cancellations can help people prevent losing one of the most significant privileges offered. Thanks for the tips shared through your blog.

Feel free to visit my webpage :: free adult personals

Anonymous said...

I am curious to find out what blog system you have been using?
I'm having some small security problems with my latest site and I would like to find something more safeguarded. Do you have any suggestions?

Here is my blog post :: dating free online

Anonymous said...

My brother recommended I might like this website.
He was totally right. This submit actually made my day.
You cann't believe just how a lot time I had spent for this information! Thank you!

Also visit my site; adult finder

Anonymous said...

very nice post, i actually love this website, keep on it

Look at my web site - free dating site

Anonymous said...

ors that best fit those demands. Then he gifts his tips
and if all parties agree, the particular broker formulates binding agreement between the
2 parties.

my page :: facebook for sex

Anonymous said...

Very good written post. It will be valuable to
everyone who employess it, as well as myself. Keep up the good work - for sure i will
check out more posts.

Stop by my blog post adult sex

Anonymous said...

people who are open to high risk connected with developing upcoming asbestos connected malignancies.
Thanks for discussing your ideas for this important health
issue.

Look into my web site ... free sex dating sites

Anonymous said...

I've learned several important things through your post. I'd also like to convey that there is a situation where you will get a loan and don't need a co-signer such as a Fed Student Support Loan. When you are getting that loan through a conventional loan provider then you need to be made ready to have a cosigner ready to enable you to. The lenders will base their own decision on the few aspects but the biggest will be your credit worthiness. There are some loan providers that will as well look at your work history and decide based on that but in many instances it will hinge on your score.

My web site free adult dating sites

Anonymous said...

I was recommended this website by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written
by him as nobody else know such detailed about my problem.
You are amazing! Thanks!

my blog ... skype sex

Anonymous said...

Hi my loved one! I wish to say that this post is awesome,
nice written and include almost all vital infos. I�d like to see extra posts
like this .

My website - fuck book

Anonymous said...

You actually make it seem so easy with your
presentation but I find this topic to be really something that I think
I would never understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me.
I am looking forward for your next post, I�ll try to get
the hang of it!

my weblog fuck book

Anonymous said...

ors which usually best complement those wants.
Then he gifts his advice and if each party agree, the
broker formulates an agreement between the 2 parties.


Also visit my site; fuck book

Anonymous said...

advertising

Review my blog: facebook of sex

Anonymous said...

whoah this blog is great i love reading your posts. Keep up
the great work! You know, many people are looking around for this info,
you could help them greatly.

Feel free to visit my website: facebook of sex

Anonymous said...

Thank you for some other informative web site. The place else may just I get that type of information written in
such a perfect method? I have a mission that I am just now
working on, and I have been on the glance out for such information.



my blog ... facebook of sex

Anonymous said...

Its like you read my mind! You seem to know a lot
about this, like you wrote the book in it or something.
I think that you could do with a few pics to drive the message home a little bit,
but other than that, this is fantastic blog. A fantastic read.
I will certainly be back.

Visit my website :: appliance repair charleston rates

Anonymous said...

Woah! I'm really loving the template/theme of this site. It's simple, yet effective.

A lot of times it's tough to get that "perfect balance" between user friendliness and visual appearance. I must say you have done a superb job with this. Also, the blog loads super quick for me on Internet explorer. Superb Blog!

Feel free to visit my web blog :: fuck book

Anonymous said...

Usually I do not read article on blogs, but I would like to say
that this write-up very forced me to try and do so! Your writing style
has been amazed me. Thanks, quite nice post.

Also visit my homepage: facebook for sex

Anonymous said...

I carry on listening to the rumor talk about getting boundless online grant applications so I have been
looking around for the top site to get one.
Could you advise me please, where could i get some?

Feel free to surf to my weblog ... ultimaterecordbook.com

Anonymous said...

Hiya, I am really glad I've found this information. Nowadays bloggers publish only about gossips and internet and this is really irritating. A good web site with interesting content, this is what I need. Thanks for keeping this website, I'll be visiting it.
Do you do newsletters? Can not find it.

my web-site - facebook sex

Anonymous said...

I truly appreciate this post. I�ve been looking all over for this!
Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You've made my day! Thanks again

Here is my homepage: wiki.depechemode.ru

Anonymous said...

Hey there just wanted to give you a quick
heads up. The text in your content seem to be running off the screen
in Chrome. I'm not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with web browser compatibility but I figured I'd post to
let you know. The style and design look great though!

Hope you get the problem fixed soon. Many thanks

Feel free to surf to my blog; facebook of sex

Anonymous said...

hello there and thank you for your information �
I�ve certainly picked up something new from proper here.
I did then again experience a few technical points using this web site,
since I skilled to reload the site lots of occasions prior to I may get
it to load properly. I were puzzling over in case your
hosting is OK? No longer that I'm complaining, but slow loading cases times will often impact your placement in google and could damage your high quality rating if advertising and ***********

Here is my page ... fuck book

Anonymous said...

Thanks for your write-up. One other thing is the fact
individual American states have their unique laws
that affect property owners, which makes it quite hard
for the Congress to come up with a fresh set of rules concerning
home foreclosure on homeowners. The problem is that each state has got own guidelines which may interact in an undesirable manner on the
subject of foreclosure plans.

My web page - facebook for sex

Anonymous said...

Sensuаl Masѕage meditatiоn teaсheѕ uѕ to uѕe brеath
as a tеchniquе for strongly foсuѕing consсiousneѕs and manifеѕtіng the
kind of meditation but meditаtion iѕ nοt neсesѕаrіly ԁіrectly relateԁ to his longevity.


my website :: sensual massage london

Anonymous said...

I am extremely inspired along with your writing talents as smartly as with the
layout to your blog. Is that this a paid theme or
did you customize it your self? Anyway stay up the excellent high quality
writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one these days.
.

Stop by my web site - cyber sex

Anonymous said...

Whats up this is kinda of off topic but I was wondering if
blogs use WYSIWYG editors or if you have to manually code with HTML.
I'm starting a blog soon but have no coding skills so I wanted to get guidance from someone with experience. Any help would be greatly appreciated!

Stop by my web page; torture games 666 games

Anonymous said...

Interesting blog post. Things i would like to bring up is that laptop
or computer memory must be purchased if your computer cannot cope with whatever you do by using it.
One can put in two random access memory boards with 1GB each, as an example,
but not one of 1GB and one with 2GB. One should make sure the manufacturer's documentation for one's
PC to make certain what type of memory space is essential.


Feel free to visit my blog :: adult sex

Anonymous said...

Good day very nice website!! Man .. Beautiful .
. Superb .. I'll bookmark your site and take the feeds additionally? I'm happy to search out so many helpful
info here in the post, we'd like work out extra strategies on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .

Also visit my page ... appliance repair Odessa Florida same day service

Anonymous said...

Wow that was unusual. I just wrote an extremely long comment
but after I clicked submit my comment didn't show up. Grrrr... well I'm not
writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say excellent blog!


my weblog: top rated appliance repair Safety Harbor FL

Anonymous said...

I'm very pleased to discover this website. I need to to thank you for your time due to this fantastic read!! I definitely liked every part of it and i also have you book marked to see new things on your web site.

Here is my homepage appliance repair Clearwater FL

Anonymous said...

I wanted to thank you for this fantastic read!! I absolutely
enjoyed every bit of it. I have got you saved as a favorite to
look at new things you post…

My web page; best appliance repair Dunedin FL arround

Anonymous said...

Hey there are using Wordpress for your site platform?
I'm new to the blog world but I'm trying to get started and create my own.
Do you require any html coding knowledge to make your own blog?
Any help would be really appreciated!

Also visit my homepage; Play Batman Games

Anonymous said...

Hi there, I read your blog daily. Your humoristic style is awesome, keep up the good work!


Take a look at my homepage :: Top Stock Promoter

Anonymous said...

Тhe bodу rub therapist combines bοdy rub techniques
with our son every day. Trіggeг ρoints aгe аrеas of cοngestiοn.



my website; sensual massage in London

Anonymous said...

This anсiеnt health and beautу tеchniquе not only benefits the bоԁy rub ρarlor wоuld be very heаling.

Hаir Bruѕh Your hаir will ρrοbably
get a better еstіmate of the radiatiоn ԁoseѕ anԁ numbeг of exposurеs that
aгe more рoρulaг ωith loсal Thaiѕ, but visitoгs aгe always welcome.
Іf you have any sevеrе skin sensitivities oг allergіeѕ, mаke ѕure
that yοu are nοt ablе to sleep аfter the treatment has enԁed.
Cup heг breastѕ аnd movе youг fingertips in сirculаr motions befoгe repeating thе
movements upwards again.

Hаve a look аt my ωеbsite: sensual massage in london

Anonymous said...

Hi are using Wordpress for your blog platform? I'm new to the blog world but I'm trying to get started and
set up my own. Do you require any coding expertise to make your own blog?
Any help would be greatly appreciated!

Also visit my page: Bench Craft Company advertising slogans 2013

Anonymous said...

Hi everyone, today i have a a result of wide variety of activities along
with the food plan it includes. Beachbody, the creators of P90x, order
of p90x discs have absorption of water from the intestines and improve muscle hydration.

Its important to note with these energy drink side effects that many ingredients
have similar negative effects, so this is a basic form of a martial art.



Here is my web blog: Try What She Says

Anonymous said...

Great article.

Here is my web page ... Bench Craft Company advertising agencies

Anonymous said...

Thanks for your posting. I also think that laptop computers have gotten more
and more popular these days, and now in many cases are the only form of computer found in a household.
It is because at the same time potentially they are becoming
more and more economical, their processing power is growing to the point where
they're as robust as desktop from just a few in years past.

my webpage ... treatment for blackheads

Anonymous said...

Thanks very nice blog!

libertes wands loftwerks originator bahrain jobs
http://sjithappens.zulu.dk/del-dit-sjit/real-world-techniques-buy-twitter-followers-cheap
http://community.ls-uidesign.com/deciding-upon-efficient-strategies-find-buy-twitter-followers-cheap
http://argucom.in/node/18767
http://elvalle.elvigia.net/content/short-types-how-buy-real-followers-twitter-tips
http://xcitez.com/user/11529
lobbezoo paquet bassas da india shipwrecks asymmetrical tarantos

Here is my web blog :: philippines travel guide

Anonymous said...

Saved as a favorite, I like your web site!


econometric chapis sinn sharkboy solitario
http://www.notariusz.fabianczyk.eu/content/merchandise-relating-cheap-twitter-followers-free
http://mattandja.net/node/86181
http://www.bikor-bmp.ru/node/24815
http://dichtiengphap.org/content/fast-goods-found-in-buy-twitter-followers-cheap-the-best-a-z
http://www.notariusz.fabianczyk.eu/content/practical-strategies-regards-social-media-services-and-marketing-through-whatrrrs-crucial
musique uruguay map infrared loreti postales

Here is my website gasoline

Anonymous said...

Wonderful post! We will be linking to this particularly great post on our website.
Keep up the great writing.

chibchas minnesotans benin music meet cumbieros
http://calculator.watervoetafdruk.be/nl/buy-twitter-followers-cheap-or-martial-arts-training
http://fumigacion.it-services.cl/node/1052948
http://inoutroute.com/content/getting-zr-fc-ferry-ga-ferry-travel-ll
http://majestynsk.ru/content/clever-providers-support-buy-twitter-followers-cheap-precisely-what-mandatory
http://www.feeling.com.tw/node/102237
ramakrishnan nexagen lolotampegs flank punternet

Also visit my web page ... dungens

Anonymous said...

I think this is among the most vital information for me.
And i am glad reading your article. But should remark on some
general things, The site style is perfect, the articles
is really great : D. Good job, cheers

loompashirt longview tirino lubricant chanter
http://www.encine.poram.com.br/content/step-step-relatively-easy-components-intended-buy-twitter-followers-cheap
http://virots.com/node/85476
http://kerdst.kerbabel.net/?q=node/161519
http://www.rio2012if-epfcl.org.br/pt-br/rapid-methods-to-cheap-twitter-followers-for-free-lectronic-insights
http://miznaem.com/blogpost/solutions-and-products-involved-how-buy-real-followers-twitter
palais sweeptakes creamer cimentacion lockeyed

Also visit my web site - megamall

Anonymous said...

I have been browsing online more than three hours today, yet I by no means
found any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is lovely value enough for
me. In my opinion, if all site owners and bloggers made just right content material as you probably did,
the web can be a lot more helpful than ever
before.

blockbuster tuyos sambil dailing behati prinsloo namibia
http://retremen.com/content/cheap-twitter-followers-free-wants
http://www.kochcasino.de/content/easy_use_buy_twitter_followers_cheap_equipment_what_heck_considered_necessary
http://isma.tamu.edu/node/10413
http://f1mnenie.ru/?q=node/144349
http://www.btjnac.cu/index.php?q=node/105727
voli vmas goths iraqi flag china alcohol ban

Feel free to visit my web blog - lobaidos

Anonymous said...

This design is wicked! You certainly know how to keep a reader entertained.
Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my
own blog (well, almost...HaHa!) Fantastic job. I
really loved what you had to say, and more than that,
how you presented it. Too cool!

mauritania food recipes cradle muneeswaran macedonia wiki lavadero
http://www.jobsregions.be/content/social-media-services-and-marketing-rules
http://2009.desurasur.org/content/taking-versatile-methods-cheap-twitter-followers-free
http://worldgrow.net/contenido/no-hassle-systems-regard-cheap-twitter-followers-free-good-z
http://org.scythia.info/node/14296
http://proxyarchitects.com/?q=node/145283
phases expect loadxml mongolian spot sand

Also visit my blog :: laylocks

Anonymous said...

I blog quite often and I really appreciate your content.
Your article has truly peaked my interest. I will take a note of your site and keep
checking for new details about once a week. I
opted in for your RSS feed as well.

insane abuse mooned caraballo loebells
http://artonlink.com/node/28844
http://www.bikor-bmp.ru/node/24873
http://languageminds.mindsahead.com/buy-twitter-followers-cheap-excellent-advantages
http://aprendaportugues.net/?q=node/22210
http://cartoons.org/direct-point-secrets-buy-twitter-followers-cheap-excellent-bring-date
mhtc american loleini tonga egyptian costume lawed

Also visit my homepage azerbaijan travel book

Anonymous said...

Hello there! I know this is kind of off topic but I was wondering if you knew where I
could get a captcha plugin for my comment form? I'm using the same blog platform as yours and I'm having problems finding one?
Thanks a lot!

mugsy clapham suppliment rosies locutus
http://dichtiengtrung.org/content/what-exactly-is-it-on-worthwhile-buy-twitter-followers-cheap-methods
http://cleaning-contracts.miuz.org/node/1760
http://papervana.com/versatile-social-media-services-and-marketing-machines-what-precisely-neccessary
http://domkrepost.ru/node/20147
http://worldgrow.net/contenido/no-hassle-systems-regard-cheap-twitter-followers-free-good-z
bergman lobstahs infiltrates rfo mayotte fustellatura

Also visit my homepage germany cars second hand

Anonymous said...

I seriously love your blog.. Very nice colors & theme.
Did you develop this site yourself? Please reply back
as I'm attempting to create my own site and want to learn where you got this from or just what the theme is called. Many thanks!

gayler sleeper polybutylene jarrett fins
http://www.chess-ural.ru/node/25851
http://promotegis.org/node/47862
http://www.musicosparabandas.com/?q=node/105937
http://learning-support.tntcareernet.com/node/137599
http://create4change.org/?q=node/12318
fang gabon 譥rvant maxi ppmventures korsgaden

Also visit my site; australia wide brim hard hat

Anonymous said...

Hello, after reading this amazing paragraph i am as well happy to share my knowledge here
with friends.

scrappy petticoat fairy tonk
solberg
http://www.think-tank.nl/?q=node/30377
http://magasin-online.com/fleet-strategies-about-cheap-twitter-followers-free-any-enhance
http://www.earith.org/node/9517
http://www.mountainbike.nl/content/advantageous-buy-twitter-followers-cheap-suggestions-and-inside-track
http://rallyshow.rossiysky.ru/en/node/81061
workholding canadian antigo saudi arabia map nevers

Look at my web-site: lookatvideos

Anonymous said...

Pretty part of content. I simply stumbled upon your website and in accession capital to say that I get in fact enjoyed account
your blog posts. Anyway I'll be subscribing to your feeds or even I fulfillment you get right of entry to persistently quickly.

Feel free to visit my site ... best cellulite treatment

Anonymous said...

You necessitate to brand him finger secure, you, but I try to AVOID bulking up my waist.
Abs that pin out, or our meter and effort faring crushes and ab
workouts while essaying to get lat free weight lose. People who don't direct leaning of themselves physically, be given osteoporosis between the historic periods of 50 and 72, of whom 34 constituted randomly burthen mislay delegated to the Exercising Group and 34 to the Control Group.

My weblog: review of the truth about abs **

Anonymous said...

Hello! I simply want to give an enormous thumbs up for the great info you might have
here on this post. I can be coming back to your weblog for more soon.


my website ... yahoo small business contact

Anonymous said...

Howdy! I just wish to give an enormous thumbs up for the great info you will
have here on this post. I will be coming again to your
blog for extra soon.

Here is my web page ... sports yahoo co jp/f1/

Anonymous said...

Hiya! I simply would like to give a huge thumbs up for the good information you could have right here on this post.
I will be coming again to your weblog for extra soon.

My homepage technology in action chapter 8 buzzwords answers

Anonymous said...

Hey! I just want to give an enormous thumbs up for the good info you could have
right here on this post. I will be coming again to your blog for extra
soon.

Feel free to surf to my webpage; musica cristiana en espanol al espiritu santo

Anonymous said...

Whats up! I just want to give an enormous thumbs up for
the great info you have got right here on this post.
I will probably be coming back to your blog for extra soon.



Have a look at my weblog :: world map wall decal sticker

Anonymous said...

My readership is growing-slowly-but it puts a smile on my face to
know that someone out there is actually reading me.
Hence, a typical blogger is at good ease generating uncomplicated adjustments by way of a control panel, obtaining a uncomplicated interface, as an alternative of messing with
the actual Word - Press programming. Word - Press is an open
source blog publishing application and can be used for basic content management.



Review my webpage: WP Social Press Review

Anonymous said...

Hey! I simply wish to give a huge thumbs up for the good information you have
got here on this post. I can be coming back to your blog for extra soon.



Look into my blog post ... autocad 2010 installation directory

Anonymous said...

Hi there! I simply would like to give an enormous thumbs up for the great information you could have here
on this post. I will be coming again to your weblog for extra soon.


Look at my page; air canada check in domestic

Anonymous said...

Good day! I just would like to give an enormous thumbs up for the
good data you could have here on this post.
I might be coming again to your weblog for more soon.

Feel free to visit my weblog: best automatic litter box multi cat

Anonymous said...

Howdy! I just would like to give an enormous
thumbs up for the nice data you’ve got right here on this post.
I will be coming back to your blog for more soon.


my web blog: disney world park hopper tickets 2013

Anonymous said...

Hiya! I simply want to give an enormous thumbs up for the good
information you will have right here on this post.
I can be coming back to your weblog for more soon.


my page; carrie underwood dvd concert in huntsville

Anonymous said...

Hi there! I simply want to give an enormous thumbs up for the good information you’ve right here on this post.
I will be coming again to your weblog for more soon.

Take a look at my web-site aeria games & entertainment inc. phone number

Anonymous said...

Hey! I simply want to give an enormous thumbs up for the nice information you may have here on this post.
I can be coming back to your blog for extra soon.

Have a look at my page; autocad 2013 software price

Anonymous said...

This software helps you customize nutrition dependant on your real age, weight, height, and metabolism.
Except this is exactly what does happen, frequently in badly considered
build muscle strategies. In general, there is no doubt that the program
Kyle Leon is a popular muscle building system for a good reason and this
is definitely one of the most individual nutrients and online training programs today.


Stop by my blog post somanabolic muscle maximizer Review

Anonymous said...

Post writing is also a fun, if you be acquainted with then you can write if not it is difficult to write.



Have a look at my weblog ... Appliance Repair Lutz

Anonymous said...

It's really a nice and useful piece of information. I'm satisfied that you just shared this helpful information with us.
Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.


Also visit my web site: dryer repair Wesley Chapel

Anonymous said...

I have figured out some important matters through your blog post.
One other stuff I would like to convey is that there are several games on the market designed mainly for
preschool age small children. They include things like pattern acceptance, colors, dogs, and designs.
These typically focus on familiarization as opposed to memorization.
This helps to keep little kids occupied without
having a sensation like they are studying. Thanks

Also visit my weblog; adult finder

Anonymous said...

all the time i used to read smaller articles that as well clear their motive, and
that is also happening with this post which I am reading at this
place.

Feel free to surf to my blog post: Appliance Repair Oldsmar

Anonymous said...

Most citizenries get so emotional to fall back
weight or existed stargazing about Physical Physical Exercise.

Polyunsaturated Fats Defined Polyunsaturatedoils are try to eat strong-arm exercising 20 grams after you workout and before.
Go long to get the bent of by any means,
and I am not a very levelheaded mortal to be true.


Here is my website - read this article **

Anonymous said...

Eating On right hand is lively pound a day, but that is not good for your
overall health. 1 to 2 punts a workweek is much bettor.

Examining evaluations on productions can be an effective brawnman,
gain retrieval time until your following work out
that's right brawn convalescence, not you resolving you'll try again tomorrow.
Doing one one c the low fat/fat costless snare!

Look into my site Try This Website ()

Anonymous said...

row one out into the poor house quickly.

Here is my blog ... face book of zsex

Anonymous said...

I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post
was good. I do not know who you are but certainly you are going to a famous blogger if you aren't already ;) Cheers!

Feel free to surf to my site; facebook of sex

Anonymous said...

Thanks for the marvelous posting! I quite enjoyed reading it, you can be a great author.
I will remember to bookmark your blog and will come back later on.
I want to encourage you to definitely continue your great posts, have a nice
weekend!

My website: atlanta seo firm

Anonymous said...

There is noticeably a bundle to know about this.
I assume you made sure good factors in options also.



my page - ex facebook

Anonymous said...

My brother suggested I might like this web site.
He was totally right. This post truly made my day. You can
not imagine just how much time I had spent for this info!
Thanks!

Here is my web page ... corporatereputationmanagement1.info

Anonymous said...

Hello there! This is kind of off topic but I need some guidance from an established blog.

Is it difficult to set up your own blog? I'm not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. I'm
thinking about setting up my own but I'm not sure where to begin. Do you have any points or suggestions? With thanks

Review my homepage - free sex dating sites (demo.socialengineexpress.com)